Betting online has never been easier, and with a multitude of renowned high street bookmakers now offering online services, you are truly spoilt for choice when it comes to taking a punt online. Coral are one of those bookmakers, and their online betting services live up to their reputation as a top high street name. Placing a bet online with Coral is easy thanks to their simple website layout and helpful customer service. All you need is an internet connection and a mouse clicking finger; before you know it, you could be winning big money from the comfort of your home.

How To Download The Coral App For Android Click the link above to be redirected to the Coral betting website. Create your account and you will be ready to. Once the page has loaded you will see the option to download the app for your Android device. Simply click the Android app. Authentic american app./Lee - Authentic american apparel by lina. Authentic betting tips 100% guarantee - Authentic bio. Authentic dzi beads & corals supply.

Bet £5, Get £20 Free – Claim now!

Before you place your first bet, we want to make you aware that you will be eligible to claim a free £20 bet when you register a new account. The free bet will hit your account once you have made your first bet of just £5. This equates to a 400% ROI before you’ve even started!

Quick step by step guide

Step 1 – You’re going to need to have an active and funded Coral account. If you don’t, click here to get started.(Allows you to claim the bet £5, get £20 free bet new account promotion).

Step 2 – If your account doesn’t have any funds in, then now is the time to make your deposit. If you have your free bet from the above link, you can also use this now.

Step 3 – Browse through the sports and markets from the Coral betting site.

Step 4 – Once you have found the market you want to bet on, click on the odds (green button) and they will be added into your betting slip found in the right hand side toolbar.

Step 5 – Enter a stake into your bet slip.

Step 6 – Click “Place Bet”

Remember, if you want to get a £20 free bet when you deposit and place your first bet of just £5, then you can… Claim it now!

Detailed step by step guide

Step 1 – The first thing you need to do before you can begin betting online with Coral is to open an account. Take this link to the Coral homepage and click on the green “Bet Now” button. Complete the online registration process by filling in your personal details and by ticking the box to indicate that you are over 18 and that you agree with the terms and conditions. Finally click “Next”.

Step 2 – This will take you to a page where you will be asked to select a payment method. You can choose from a variety of options including credit and debit card as well as e-wallet and bank transfers. Enter your payment details and click “Register”. On the following page, enter the amount you wish to place in your account and click “Deposit”. You may be asked to provide further details to your bank or e-wallet provider.

Step 3 – Now that you have some cash to play with, it’s time to have a look at what Coral have to offer in terms of sports betting markets. You will find a variety of selected sporting events on the homepage, from featured horse race meetings to live football from all over the world.

If you can’t find anything of interest here then look to the left hand side of the page where there is a series of menus. First there is “Quick Links”, with popular and featured sports. Next there is “My Coral”, which you can personalise by adding your favourite sports and coupons. Below this is “Sports A-Z” where you will find every sport available from Baseball to Hurling.

Click on an individual sport to see a drop down menu with different countries and leagues. In this example we have chosen football. We’ll click on International to move on to the next step.

Step 4 – Once you are comfortable navigating the Coral website you are ready to place your first bet. To do this, simply click on the set of odds which you want to bet on -this will cause the box to turn from green to yellow. We’ve selected Peru to beat Bolivia at odds of 1.91.

For a typical sporting event there will be three odds available on the main fixture list. These odds appear under headings of “Home”, “Draw” and “Away”. The odds beneath the home heading are those for a home win and so on. In a sporting event where a draw outcome is not possible – such as tennis – there will only be two odds corresponding to each player. If you click on an individual fixture then you will discover more betting options such as correct score, first goal-scorer and many more.

Step 5 – When you have selected a set of odds to bet on, they will be available to view on your “Betslip” on the right hand side of the page. Your bet slip is where you can manage all of your selected odds at any time. You can continue to browse further odds and your selected odds will remain on the bet slip until you either place the bet or remove the bet from your bet slip – you can do this by clicking the small red “x” to the right of the odds.

Enter the amount that you wish to stake in the empty box next to each individual bet and you will be able to see the potential returns below. We’re placing £5 on this one, which will return £9.34.When you are happy with your selections, all that you have to do is press the big “Place Bet” button. Now sit back and cross your fingers.

Check bets

Congratulations, you have successfully placed your first online bet on Coral. But the betting fun doesn’t end here – you can check your open bets, view your betting history and statistics online too.

To see your betting history and open bets, click on the “Open Bets” link in the top right corner of the page. Here you can choose to see all of your bets, past and present, by filtering them through those bets which you have won, lost, cashed out, voided and those which are yet to be settled.

Mobile

You can also place a bet online when you are one the move by using Coral’s mobile app, just follow these simple instructions. Using the Coral betting app also allows you to claim the bet £5, get £20 free. Claim this now!

Step 1 – Download and install the Coral app on your mobile device. Android users can follow this link to download the Coral app whilst iOS users can get the app for their iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch directly from the iTunes App Store.

Step 2 – Open the app and login to your account by tapping “Sign In” in the top right corner. To register a new account, click “Join Us” and follow the registration process.

Step 3 – Browse the different sports betting markets available by tapping the “Menu” icon in the top left hand corner of the screen. Select the sport you want to explore further. For this example we’ll tap football.

Step 4 – Select the odds that you want to bet on by tapping them. We have selected England Women to beat France Women in the Women’s World Cup. When the odds have been successfully selected they will turn green and a small green number will appear next to the “Betslip” button in the top right corner. This number indicates how many bets you have selected.

Step 5 – Tap the “Betslip” button to see your selected bets in detail. Now you can enter the stake that you wish to place as a wager for each selected bet. Do this by manually entering an amount into the empty box, or by selecting one of the “Quick Stake” amounts. We have selected £5 and, as you can see, we should expect returns of £27.50 if this bet wins.

Step 6 – Finally, once you are satisfied with your selections, tap the “Bet Now” button.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has many variants; some are or have been believed to be of particular importance. This article discusses such notable variants of SARS-CoV-2, and also discusses notable mutations found in some, or all, of these variants.

The sequence WIV04/2019, belonging to the GISAID S clade / PANGOLIN A lineage / Nextstrain 19B clade, is thought likely to reflect the sequence of the original virus infecting humans, known as 'sequence zero'.^[1]

Nomenclature

No consistent nomenclature has been established for SARS-CoV-2.^[7] Colloquially, including by governments and news organizations, concerning variants are often referred to by the country in which they were first identified,^[8][9][10] but as of January 2021^[update], the World Health Organization (WHO) is working on 'standard nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 variants that does not reference a geographical location'.^[11]

While there are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2,^[12] subtypes of the virus can be put into larger groupings such as lineages or clades.^[b] Three main, generally used nomenclatures^[7] have been proposed:

• As of January 2021^[update], GISAID—referring to SARS-CoV-2 as hCoV-19^[13]—had identified eight global clades (S, O, L, V, G, GH, GR, and GV).^[14]
• In 2017, Hadfield et al. announced Nextstrain, intended 'for real-time tracking of pathogen evolution'.^[15] Nextstrain has later been used for tracking SARS-CoV-2, identifying 11 major clades^[c] (19A, 19B, and 20A–20I) as of January 2021^[update].^[16]
• In 2020, Rambaut et al. of the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN)^[17] software team proposed in an article^[18] 'a dynamic nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 lineages that focuses on actively circulating virus lineages and those that spread to new locations';^[7] as of February 2021^[update], six major lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.177, B.1.1.7) had been identified.^[19]

Notable variants

501.V2 variant

On 18 December 2020, the 501.V2 variant, also known as 501.V2, 20H/501Y.V2 (formerly 20C/501Y.V2), VOC-202012/02 (PHE), or lineage B.1.351,^[20] was first detected in South Africa and reported by the country's health department.^[21] Researchers and officials reported that the prevalence of the variant was higher among young people with no underlying health conditions, and by comparison with other variants it is more frequently resulting in serious illness in those cases.^[22][23] The South African health department also indicated that the variant may be driving the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the country due to the variant spreading at a more rapid pace than other earlier variants of the virus.^[21][22]

Scientists noted that the variant contains several mutations that allow it to attach more easily to human cells because of the following three mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike glycoprotein of the virus: N501Y,^[21][24] K417N, and E484K.^[25][26] The N501Y mutation has also been detected in the United Kingdom.^[21][27]

Cluster 5

In early November 2020, Cluster 5, also referred to as ΔFVI-spike by the Danish State Serum Institute (SSI),^[28] was discovered in Northern Jutland, Denmark, and is believed to have been spread from minks to humans via mink farms. On 4 November 2020, it was announced that the mink population in Denmark would be culled to prevent the possible spread of this mutation and reduce the risk of new mutations happening. A lockdown and travel restrictions were introduced in seven municipalities of Northern Jutland to prevent the mutation from spreading, which could compromise national or international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. By 5 November 2020, some 214 mink-related human cases had been detected.^[29]

The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that cluster 5 has a 'moderately decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies'.^[30] SSI warned that the mutation could reduce the effect of COVID-19 vaccines under development, although it was unlikely to render them useless. Following the lockdown and mass-testing, SSI announced on 19 November 2020 that cluster 5 in all probability had become extinct.^[31] As of 1 February 2021, authors to a peer-reviewed paper, all of whom were from the SSI, assessed that cluster 5 was not in circulation in the human population.^[32]

Lineage B.1.1.207

First sequenced in August 2020 in Nigeria,^[33] the implications for transmission and virulence are unclear but it has been listed as an emerging variant by the US Centers for Disease Control.^[34] Sequenced by the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases in Nigeria, this variant has a P681H mutation, shared in common with UK's VOC-202012/01. It shares no other mutations with VOC-202012/01 and as of late December 2020 this variant accounts for around 1% of viral genomes sequenced in Nigeria, though this may rise.^[33]

Lineage B.1.1.7 / Variant of Concern 202012/01

First detected in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from a sample taken the previous month,^[35]Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),^[36] was previously known as the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01)^[37] and also as lineage B.1.1.7 or 20I/501Y.V1 (formerly 20B/501Y.V1).^[38][39][20] Since then, its prevalence odds have doubled every 6.5 days, the presumed generational interval.^[40][41] It is correlated with a significant increase in the rate of COVID-19 infection in United Kingdom, associated partly with the N501Y mutation. There is some evidence that this variant has 30–70% increased transmissibility,^{[citation needed][42]} and early analyses suggest an increase in lethality.^[42] Variant of Concern 202102/02 (VOC-202102/02), described by Public Health England (PHE) as 'B.1.1.7 with E484K'^[43] is of the same lineage in the Rambaut classification system but has an additional E484K mutation. There are 26 confirmed cases of VOC-202102/02 in the UK.^[43]

Lineage B.1.429 / CAL.20C

CAL.20C, also known as lineage B.1.429, is defined by five distinct mutations, including L452R (which had previously been detected in unrelated lineages).^[4][44] CAL.20C is possibly more transmissible, but further study is necessary to confirm this.^[44] It was first observed in July 2020 by researchers at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, in one of 1,230 virus samples collected in Los Angeles County since the start of the COVID-19 epidemic.^[45] It was not detected again until September when it reappeared among samples in California, but numbers remained very low until November.^[46][47] In November 2020, the CAL.20C variant accounted for 36 percent of samples collected at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and by January 2021, the CAL.20C variant accounted for 50 percent of samples.^[44] In a joint press release by University of California, San Francisco, California Department of Public Health, and Santa Clara County Public Health Department,^[48] the variant was also detected in multiple counties in Northern California. From November to December 2020, the frequency of the variant in sequenced cases from Northern California rose from 3% to 25%.^[49] In a preprint, CAL.20C is described as belonging to clade 20C and contributing approximately 36% of samples, while an emerging variant from the 20G clade accounts for some 24% of the samples in a study focused on Southern California. Note however that in the US as a whole, the 20G clade predominates, as of January 2021.^[4] Following the increasing numbers of CAL.20C in California, the variant has been detected at varying frequencies in most US states and small numbers have been detected in other countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia.^[46][47]

Lineage B.1.525

B.1.525, also called VUI-202102/03 by Public Health England (PHE) and formerly known as UK1188,^[43] is partially similar to the 501.V2 variant, but differs by having both the E484K-mutation and a new F888L mutation (a substitution of phenylalanine (F) with leucine (L) in the S2 domain of the spike protein). As of February 16, it had been detected in 16 countries, including the UK, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Nigeria, Ghana, Jordan, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Canada and the US.^{[50][51][52][53][54]} The first cases were detected in December 2020 in the UK and Nigeria, and as of 15 February, it had occurred in the highest frequency among samples in the latter country.^[52] As of 17 February, 46 cases were found in the UK.^[43] Denmark, which sequence all their COVID-19 cases, found 61 cases of this variant from January 14 to February 12, of which seven were directly related to foreign travels to Nigeria.^[50]

UK experts are studying it to understand how much of a risk it could be. It is currently regarded as a 'variant under investigation', but pending further study it may become a 'variant of concern'. Prof Ravi Gupta, from the University of Cambridge spoke to the BBC and said B.1.525 appeared to have 'significant mutations' already seen in some of the other newer variants, which is partly reassuring as their likely effect is to some extent more predictable.^[55]

Lineage P.1

Lineage P.1, termed Variant of Concern 202101/02 by Public Health England^[43] and 20J/501Y.V3 by Nextstrain,^[56] was detected in Tokyo on 6 January 2021 by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID). The new lineage was first identified in four people who arrived in Tokyo having travelled from the Brazilian Amazonas state on 2 January 2021.^[57] On 12 January 2021, the Brazil-UK CADDE Centre confirmed 13 local cases of the P.1 new lineage in the Amazon rain forest.^[58] This variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been named P.1 lineage (although it is a descendant of B.1.1.28, the name B.1.1.28.1 is not permitted and thus the resultant name is P.1) and has 17 unique amino acid changes, 10 of which in its spike protein, including N501Y and E484K.^[58] The new lineage was absent in samples from March to November from Manaus, Amazonas state, but it was identified in 42% of the samples from December 2020 collected in the same city, suggesting a recent increase in frequency.^[58]A separate preprint by Voloch et al. identified another sub-lineage of the B.1.1.28 lineage circulating in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, now named P.2 lineage,^[59] that harbours the E484K mutation. The P.2 lineage is not directly related with the P.1 lineage identified in Manaus.^[58][60] Although both lineages harbour the E484K mutation, the mutation was acquired independently through convergent evolution.^{[58][better source needed]}

Notable missense mutations

D614G

D614G is a mutation that affects the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The frequency of this mutation in the viral population has increased during the pandemic. G (glycine) has replaced D (aspartic acid) in many countries, especially in Europe though more slowly in China and the rest of East Asia, supporting the hypothesis that G increases the transmission rate, which is consistent with higher viral titers and infectivity in vitro.^[1] In July 2020, it was reported that the more infectious D614G SARS-CoV-2 variant had become the dominant form in the pandemic.^{[61][62][63][64]} PHE confirmed that the D614G mutation had a 'moderate effect on transmissibility' and was being tracked internationally.^[65]

The global prevalence of D614G correlates with the prevalence of loss of smell (anosmia) as a symptom of COVID-19, possibly mediated by higher binding of the RBD to the ACE2 receptor or higher protein stability and hence higher infectivity of the olfactory epithelium.^[66]

Variants containing the D614G mutation are found in the G clade by GISAID^[1] and the B.1 clade by the PANGOLIN tool.^[1]

E484K

E484K has been reported to be an escape mutation (i.e., a mutation that improves a virus's ability to evade the host's immune system^[67][68]) from at least one form of monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2, indicating there may be a 'possible change in antigenicity'.^[69] The P.1. lineage described in Japan and Manaus,^[70] the P.2 lineage (also known as B.1.1.248 lineage, Brazil)^[71] and 501.V2 (South Africa) exhibit this mutation.^[69] A limited number of B.1.1.7 genomes with E484K mutation have also been detected.^[72] The name of the mutation, E484K, refers to an exchange whereby the glutamic acid (E) is replaced by lysine (K) at position 484.^[73] Monoclonal and serum-derived antibodies are reported to be from 10 to 60 times less effective in neutralizing virus bearing the E484K mutation.^[74][75] On 2 February 2021, medical scientists in the United Kingdom reported the detection of E484K in 11 samples (out of 214,000 samples), a mutation that may compromise current vaccine effectiveness.^[76][77]

N501Y

N501Y denotes a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) in amino-acid position 501.^[65] This change is believed by PHE to increase binding affinity because of its position inside the spike glycoprotein's receptor-binding domain, which binds ACE2 in human cells; data also support the hypothesis of increased binding affinity from this change.^[78] Variants with N501Y include P.1 (Brazil/Japan),^[69][79] Variant of Concern 202012/01 (UK), 501.V2 (South Africa), and COH.20G/501Y (Columbus, Ohio). This last became the dominant form of the virus in Columbus in late December 2020 and January and appears to have evolved independently of other variants.^[80][81]

New variant detection and assessment

On 26 January 2021, the British government said it would share its genomic sequencing capabilities with other countries in order to increase the genomic sequencing rate and trace new variants, and announced a 'New Variant Assessment Platform'.^[82] As of January 2021^[update], more than half of all genomic sequencing of COVID-19 was carried out in the UK.^[83]

Differential vaccine effectiveness

A preliminary study by Pfizer, Inc. has indicated that there is, at most, only minor reduction of the company's mRNA vaccine effectiveness against different SARS-CoV-2 variants.^[84] Another study of the effectiveness of the same Comirnaty vaccine against the Variant of Concern 202012/01 confirmed this.^[85] According to the US CDC, most experts believe that, due to the nature of the virus, the emergence of variants that completely escape the immune response (both natural and vaccine induced) is considered unlikely.^[86]

South Africa halted their deployment of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine in early February after a study involving 2,000 people returned 'disappointing' results against the local variant.^[87]

T-cell immunity is under investigation as a potential solution to the problem of reduced effectiveness of vaccines against the relevant variants. Biotechnology firm Gritstone is experimenting to develop a vaccine aimed specifically at creating T-cell immunity.^[88]

On January 29, 2020, a deputy of the Moscow City Duma, Darya Besedina, turned to the Russian Minister of Health with a request to fund the study of new strains and conduct research on the effectiveness of Russian vaccines against these strains^[89]. On February 10, 2020, the European Medicines Agency made a similar appeal to vaccine manufacturers^[90]. On February 15, Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed the government to deploy the sequencing of the genomes of Russian SARS-CoV-2 strains within a month, allocate funds for these studies, and also check whether Russian vaccines are effective against new strains.^[91]

Summary

Notes

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1. ^'—' denotes that no reliable sources could be found to cite.

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wikigb.comVariants of SARS-CoV-2